Alternative titles; symbols
HGNC Approved Gene Symbol: GIP
Cytogenetic location: 17q21.32 Genomic coordinates (GRCh38): 17:48,958,554-48,968,596 (from NCBI)
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), is a 42-amino acid hormone that stimulates insulin (INS; 176730) secretion in the presence of glucose. Its sequence indicates that it is a member of a family of structurally related hormones that includes secretin (182099), glucagon (138030), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; 192320), and growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH; 139190) (summary by Takeda et al., 1987).
Takeda et al. (1987) isolated and sequenced cDNA clones encoding the human GIP precursor from a human duodenal cDNA library. The predicted amino acid sequence of the precursor indicates that GIP is derived by proteolytic processing of a 153-residue precursor, preproGIP, which has a predicted molecular mass of 17.1 kD. The GIP moiety is flanked by polypeptide segments of 51 and 60 amino acids at its amino and carboxyl termini, respectively. GIP is released from the precursor by processing at single arginine residues present at each end of the GIP sequence.
By Southern analysis of somatic cell hybrid DNAs and by in situ hybridization using a GIP cDNA, Fukushima et al. (1989) and Inagaki et al. (1989) mapped the human GIP gene to chromosome 17q21.3-q22.
By genetic linkage studies using multiple DNA markers from the 17q12-q21 region, Anderson et al. (1993) placed GIP on the genetic map of the region in a position distal to HOX2B (142961) and GP3A (173470). By genetic mapping through CEPH reference families and by high-resolution radiation hybrid mapping, Lewis et al. (1994) concluded that the GIP gene is in a tight cluster in the following order: cen--PPY--HOXB6--NGFR--GIP--NME1--tel. GIP was estimated to lie 250 kb distal to NGFR (162010).
Mohlke et al. (1996) demonstrated that the Gip gene is located in the distal portion of mouse chromosome 11, closely linked to Mvwf (see 111730) and between Ngfr and Hoxb9.
Cheung et al. (2000) found that gut K cells could be induced to produce human insulin by providing the cells with the human INS gene linked to the 5-prime regulatory region of the GIP gene. Mice expressing this transgene produced human insulin specifically in gut K cells. This insulin protected the mice from developing diabetes (see 222100) and maintained glucose tolerance after destruction of the native insulin-producing beta cells.
Anderson, L. A., Friedman, L., Osborne-Lawrence, S., Lynch, E., Weissenbach, J., Bowcock, A., King, M.-C. High-density genetic map of the BRCA1 region of chromosome 17q12-q21. Genomics 17: 618-623, 1993. [PubMed: 8244378] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1993.1381]
Cheung, A. T., Dayanandan, B., Lewis, J. T., Korbutt, G. S., Rajotte, R. V., Bryer-Ash, M., Boylan, M. O., Wolfe, M. M., Kieffer, T. J. Glucose-dependent insulin release from genetically engineered K cells. Science 290: 1959-1962, 2000. [PubMed: 11110661] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5498.1959]
Fukushima, Y., Byers, M. G., Eddy, R. L., Haley, L. L., Henry, W. M., Inagaki, N., Seino, Y., Takeda, J., Yano, H., Yamada, Y., Imura, H., Bell, G. I., Shows, T. B. Localization of the human gastric inhibitory polypeptide gene (GIP) to chromosome 17q21.3-q22. (Abstract) Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 51: 1001 only, 1989.
Inagaki, N., Seino, Y., Takeda, J., Yano, H., Yamada, Y., Bell, G. I., Eddy, R. L., Fukushima, Y., Byers, M. G., Shows, T. B., Imura, H. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide: structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene. Molec. Endocr. 3: 1014-1021, 1989. [PubMed: 2739653] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1210/mend-3-6-1014]
Lewis, T. B., O'Connell, P., Leach, R. J. Localization of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) to a gene cluster on chromosome 17q. Genomics 19: 589-591, 1994. [PubMed: 8188305] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1994.1114]
Mohlke, K. L., Nichols, W. C., Westrick, R. J., Novak, E. K., Cooney, K. A., Swank, R. T., Ginsburg, D. A novel modifier gene for plasma von Willebrand factor level maps to distal mouse chromosome 11. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 93: 15352-15357, 1996. [PubMed: 8986815] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.26.15352]
Takeda, J., Seino, Y., Tanaka, K.-I., Fukumoto, H., Kayano, T., Takahashi, H., Mitani, T., Kurono, M., Suzuki, T., Tobe, T., Imura, H. Sequence of an intestinal cDNA encoding human gastric inhibitory polypeptide precursor. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 84: 7005-7008, 1987. [PubMed: 2890159] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.20.7005]