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HGNC Approved Gene Symbol: HTN1
Cytogenetic location: 4q13.3 Genomic coordinates (GRCh38): 4:70,050,438-70,058,848 (from NCBI)
The parotid and submandibular glands of humans secrete a family of small, mostly cationic, histidine-rich proteins called histatins. The major histatins range in size from 24 to 38 amino acids. Histatins 1, 3, and 5 (see 142702) comprise 85 to 90% of the total histatin proteins and are termed the major histatins. Histatin-1 is a phosphoprotein thought to be involved in formation of the acquired enamel pellicle, a proteinaceous layer covering tooth surfaces that forms a barrier between tooth enamel and the oral environment. All 3 major histatins have candidicidal and bactericidal activity (summary by vanderSpek et al., 1989).
Peters et al. (1977) and Azen et al. (1978) described a salivary protein with immunologic features and amino acid composition and sequence suggesting a close relationship to parotid basic protein but probably the product of a separate locus. No precursor-product relationship to the Pb protein could be demonstrated. No polymorphism was found in blacks or whites. Sabatini and Azen (1989) concluded that histatin-1 may be the same as PPb.
VanderSpek et al. (1989) isolated a cDNA coding for histatin-1 from a human submandibular gland library. The deduced protein contains 38 amino acids. Histatin-1 RNA was detected only in parotid and submandibular gland.
By Southern analysis of somatic cell hybrids and by in situ hybridization, vanderSpek et al. (1989) demonstrated that the genes for histatins are at a single locus, within 15 kb of each other on chromosome 4q13. The authors noted that another salivary protein, statherin (184470), maps to the same region.
Azen, E. A., Leutenegger, W., Peters, E. H. Evolutionary and dietary aspects of salivary basic (Pb) and post Pb (PPb) proteins in anthropoid primates. Nature 273: 775-778, 1978. [PubMed: 96354] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/273775a0]
Peters, E. H., Goodfriend, T., Azen, E. A. Human Pb, human post-Pb, and nonhuman primate Pb proteins: immunological and biochemical relationships. Biochem. Genet. 15: 947-962, 1977. [PubMed: 412494] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00483990]
Sabatini, L. M., Azen, E. A. Histatins, a family of salivary histidine-rich proteins, are encoded by at least two loci (HIS1 and HIS2). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 160: 495-502, 1989. [PubMed: 2719677] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(89)92460-1]
vanderSpek, J. C., Wyandt, H. E., Skare, J. C., Milunsky, A., Oppenheim, F. G., Troxler, R. F. Localization of the genes for histatins to human chromosome 4q13 and tissue distribution of the mRNAs. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45: 381-387, 1989. [PubMed: 2773933]