Alternative titles; symbols
HGNC Approved Gene Symbol: MYOG
Cytogenetic location: 1q32.1 Genomic coordinates (GRCh38): 1:203,083,129-203,086,012 (from NCBI)
Myogenin is a muscle-specific transcription factor that can induce myogenesis in a variety of cell types in tissue culture. It is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene family (Hasty et al., 1993).
Chen et al. (2000) found that both the N and C termini of NCOA2 (601993) interact with MYOG, supporting a model of cooperative interaction of NCOA2, MYOG, and MEF2C (600662) in the regulation of muscle-specific gene expression.
Using chromatin immunoprecipitation studies, Rao et al. (2006) showed that MYOD1 (159970) and MYOG bound to regions upstream of several microRNAs, including miR1-1 (MIRN1; 609326) and miR133A1 (MIRN133A1; 610254), providing a basis for induction of these microRNAs during myogenesis.
Hybridization to DNA from a panel of somatic cell hybrids indicated that the MYF4 gene is located on human chromosome 1 (Braun et al., 1989). By in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes and by segregation analysis in interspecific somatic cell hybrid panels, Olson et al. (1990) assigned the MYOG gene to 1q31-q41 and showed that the corresponding genes in the mouse (Myog) and Chinese hamster (MYOG) mapped to regions of syntenic homology on mouse chromosome 1 and Chinese hamster chromosome 5. Nonlinkage to MYOD1, MYF5 (159990), and MYF6 (159991) was demonstrated.
Hasty et al. (1993) generated mice homozygous for a targeted mutation in the myogenin gene. These mice survived fetal development but died immediately after birth and showed a severe reduction of all skeletal muscle. Thus, myogenin-mutant mice differed from mice carrying mutations in genes for the related MYF5 and MYF3 (MYOD1), which have no muscle defects. From these observations, Hasty et al. (1993) concluded that myogenin is essential for the development of functional skeletal muscle. Nabeshima et al. (1993) independently found similar results and arrived at similar conclusions from knockout experiments in mice.
Moresi et al. (2010) found that expression of Myog was upregulated in mouse skeletal muscle following denervation. Myog upregulation required Hdac4 (605314) and Hdac5 (605315), and Myog induced neurogenic atrophy by binding and activating expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligases Murf1 (RNF28; 606131) and atrogin-1 (FBXO32; 606604) Conditional knockout of Myog, Hdac4, or Hdac5 partially protected adult mice from neurogenic atrophy. Moresi et al. (2010) concluded that MYOG has a dual role as a regulator of muscle development and an inducer of neurogenic atrophy.
Braun, T., Grzeschik, K.-H., Bober, E., Arnold, H.-H. The MYF genes, a group of human muscle determining factors, are localized on different human chromosomes. (Abstract) Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 51: 969 only, 1989.
Chen, S. L., Dowhan, D. H., Hosking, B. M., Muscat, G. E. O. The steroid receptor coactivator, GRIP-1, is necessary for MEF-2C-dependent gene expression and skeletal muscle differentiation. Genes Dev. 14: 1209-1228, 2000. [PubMed: 10817756]
Hasty, P., Bradley, A., Morris, J. H., Edmondson, D. G., Venuti, J. M., Olson, E. N., Klein, W. H. Muscle deficiency and neonatal death in mice with a targeted mutation in the myogenin gene. Nature 364: 501-506, 1993. [PubMed: 8393145] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/364501a0]
Moresi, V., Williams, A. H., Meadows, E., Flynn, J. M., Potthoff, M. J., McAnally, J., Shelton, J. M., Backs, J., Klein, W. H., Richardson, J. A., Bassel-Duby, R., Olson, E. N. Myogenin and class II HDACs control neurogenic muscle atrophy by inducing E3 ubiquitin ligases. Cell 143: 35-45, 2010. [PubMed: 20887891] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.004]
Nabeshima, Y., Hanaoka, K., Hayasaka, M., Esumi, E., Li, S., Nonaka, I., Nabeshima, Y.-I. Myogenin gene disruption results in perinatal lethality because of severe muscle defect. Nature 364: 532-535, 1993. [PubMed: 8393146] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1038/364532a0]
Olson, E., Edmondson, D., Wright, W. E., Lin, V. K., Guenet, J.-L., Simon-Chazottes, D., Thompson, L. H., Stallings, R. L., Schroeder, W. T., Duvic, M., Brock, D., Helin, D., Siciliano, M. J. Myogenin is in an evolutionarily conserved linkage group on human chromosome 1q31-q41 and unlinked to other mapped muscle regulatory factor genes. Genomics 8: 427-434, 1990. [PubMed: 1962752] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(90)90028-s]
Rao, P. K., Kumar, R. M., Farkhondeh, M., Baskerville, S., Lodish, H. F. Myogenic factors that regulate expression of muscle-specific microRNAs. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 103: 8721-8726, 2006. [PubMed: 16731620] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602831103]