Alternative titles; symbols
HGNC Approved Gene Symbol: NOTCH2
SNOMEDCT: 63122002;
Cytogenetic location: 1p12 Genomic coordinates (GRCh38): 1:119,911,553-120,069,662 (from NCBI)
| Location | Phenotype |
Phenotype MIM number |
Inheritance |
Phenotype mapping key |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1p12 | Alagille syndrome 2 | 610205 | Autosomal dominant | 3 |
| Hajdu-Cheney syndrome | 102500 | Autosomal dominant | 3 |
The NOTCH2 gene encodes a single pass transmembrane protein belonging to an evolutionarily conserved NOTCH receptor family (see, e.g., NOTCH1; 190198). NOTCH signaling is activated through cell-cell contact: ligand binding induces cleavage of NOTCH and translocation of the intracellular domain to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression in association with transcriptional cofactors (summary by Isidor et al., 2011).
Using probes designed from the amino acid sequence of purified human Notch2 protein, and by homology to the rat Notch2 cDNA sequence, Blaumueller et al. (1997) cloned Notch2 from a fetal brain cDNA library. The deduced 2,471-amino acid protein contains multiple EGF (131530) repeats, lin-12/Notch repeats, a transmembrane domain, and ankyrin (612641) repeats. It also contains a PEST sequence for proteolytic processing, a nuclear localization signal, and several putative phosphorylation sites. Western blot analysis of a neuroblastoma cell line revealed a mature processed protein with an apparent molecular mass of about 110 kD and a full-length precursor with an apparent molecular mass of about 300 kD. Western blot analysis of lysates from brain, heart, kidney, lung, skeletal muscle, and liver revealed both forms in each tissue, but there were differences in the ratio between the full-length protein and the processed form. Blaumueller et al. (1997) determined that proteolytic processing of Notch2 occurs in the trans-Golgi network as the protein traffics toward the plasma membrane. Cleavage results in a C-terminal fragment that retains the transmembrane domain and an N-terminal fragment that contains most of the extracellular region. The authors determined that these fragments are tethered together by disulfide linkages at the plasma membrane, and they form a heterodimeric receptor.
Simpson et al. (2011) stated that the NOTCH2 gene contains 34 exons.
Larsson et al. (1994) identified cosmid clones for 3 human NOTCH genes, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, and NOTCH3 (600276). Using these clones as probes in fluorescence in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes, they obtained results which, combined with data from somatic cell hybrid panels, demonstrated that NOTCH2 is located on 1p13-p11 and NOTCH3 on 19p13.2-p13.1, which are regions of neoplasia-associated translocation.
As part of a study of a triplication of several Mb occurring on chromosomes 1, 6, and 9, Katsanis et al. (1996) confirmed the presence of a NOTCH locus on chromosome 1. Gao et al. (1998) mapped the mouse Notch2 gene to chromosome 3.
Loomes et al. (2002) characterized Notch receptor expression in the developing mouse heart and liver. In the developing mouse heart, both Notch1 and Notch2 are expressed in the outflow tracts and the epicardium, and in specific cell populations previously shown to express Jag1 (601920) by Loomes et al. (1999). These cells are destined to undergo transformation from epithelial to mesenchymal cells. In the newborn mouse liver, Notch2 and Notch3 are expressed in opposing cell populations, suggesting they play different roles in cell fate determination during bile duct development. Jag1 is also expressed in cells adjacent to those expressing Notch2, suggesting a possible ligand-receptor interaction.
Mitsiadis et al. (2003) determined that Notch2 is involved in tooth development. During early stages, Notch2 was expressed in the epithelium and, at more advanced stages of development, it was expressed in the enamel-producing ameloblasts. Notch2 was not expressed in the pulp of adult intact teeth, but was reexpressed during dentin repair in odontoblasts and in subdontoblastic cells. TGFB1 (190180), which stimulated odontoblast differentiation and hard tissue formation after dental injury, downregulated Notch2 expressed in cultured human dental slices.
Ligand binding in Notch receptors triggers a conformational change in the receptor-negative regulatory region (NRR) that enables ADAM protease (see 601533) cleavage at a juxtamembrane site that otherwise lies buried within the quiescent NRR. Subsequent intramembrane proteolysis catalyzed by the gamma-secretase complex liberates the intracellular domain to initiate downstream Notch transcriptional program. Aberrant signaling through each receptor has been linked to numerous diseases, particularly cancer, making the Notch pathway a compelling target for drugs (summary by Wu et al., 2010). Although gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) had progressed into the clinic, GSIs failed to distinguish individual Notch receptors, inhibited other signaling pathways, and caused intestinal toxicity, attributed to dual inhibition of Notch1 and 2 (Riccio et al., 2008). To elucidate the discrete functions of Notch1 and Notch2 and develop clinically relevant inhibitors that reduce intestinal toxicity, Wu et al. (2010) used phage display technology to generate highly specialized antibodies that specifically antagonize each receptor paralog and yet crossreact with the human and mouse sequences, enabling the discrimination of Notch1 versus Notch2 function in human patients and rodent models. The cocrystal structure showed that the inhibitory mechanism relies on stabilizing NRR quiescence. Selective blocking of Notch1 inhibited tumor growth in preclinical models through 2 mechanisms: inhibition of cancer cell growth and deregulation of angiogenesis. Whereas inhibition of Notch1 plus Notch2 causes severe intestinal toxicity, inhibition of either receptor alone reduces or avoids this effect, demonstrating a clear advantage over pan-Notch inhibitors.
Rios et al. (2011) characterized the signaling events taking place during morphogenesis of chick skeletal muscle, and showed that muscle progenitors present in somites require the transient activation of NOTCH signaling to undergo terminal differentiation. The NOTCH ligand Delta1 (606582) is expressed in a mosaic pattern in neural crest cells that migrate past the somites. Gain and loss of Delta1 function in neural crest modifies NOTCH signaling in somites, which results in delayed or premature myogenesis. Rios et al. (2011) concluded that the neural crest regulates early muscle formation by a unique mechanism that relies on the migration of Delta1-expressing neural crest cells to trigger the transient activation of NOTCH signaling in selected muscle progenitors. This dynamic signaling guarantees a balanced and progressive differentiation of the muscle progenitor pool.
Alagille Syndrome
Alagille syndrome (ALGS; see 118450) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder defined clinically by hepatic bile duct paucity and cholestasis in association with cardiac, skeletal, and ophthalmologic manifestations. In about 94% of patients with ALGS, mutations in the gene encoding the NOTCH signaling pathway ligand Jagged-1 (JAG1; 601920) had been identified. To identify the cause of disease in patients without JAG1 mutations, McDaniell et al. (2006) screened 11 JAG1 mutation-negative probands with ALGS for alterations in the gene for the NOTCH2 receptor. They found NOTCH2 mutations segregating in 2 families with Alagille syndrome (ALGS2; 610205) and identified 5 affected individuals. Renal manifestations, a minor feature of ALGS, were present in all affected individuals.
Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome
Simpson et al. (2011) performed whole-exome sequencing of 3 unrelated individuals of European origin with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (HJCYS; 102500), also known as acroosteolysis with osteoporosis and changes in the skull and mandible, and identified 3 different truncating mutations in exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene. One of the patients had affected relatives, and the mutation (600275.0003) was found to segregate with the disorder in that family. Further analysis of exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene identified further truncating mutations in 11 additional probands with the disorder, including 8 patients with sporadic disease who had a de novo mutation (see, e.g., 600275.0004-600275.0005). All the mutations occurred in exon 34, the last exon of the NOTCH2 gene, and all were predicted to lead to truncation of the protein product before complete translation of the PEST domain, which mediates proteosomal destruction of the protein. The mutations escaped nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and the truncated proteins were expressed. Thus, the mutations resulted in persistence of the Notch intracellular signal, consistent with a gain of function.
Simultaneously and independently, Isidor et al. (2011) identified 5 different truncating mutations in exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene (see, e.g., 600275.0006-600275.0007) in 5 unrelated probands with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome by exome sequencing. The mutant mRNAs were expected to be stable and result in truncated proteins with constitutively active intracellular domains.
Majewski et al. (2011) identified 6 different heterozygous truncating mutations in the NOTCH2 gene in affected members of 7 families with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. Mutations in the first 3 families were found by whole-exome sequencing. All of the mutations were clustered in exon 34 near the C terminus. Functional studies of the variants were not performed.
Gray et al. (2012) identified heterozygous truncating mutations in exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene (600275.0008 and 600275.0009) in 2 unrelated patients with phenotypic features of both serpentine fibula-polycystic kidney syndrome (SFPKS) and Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. The phenotypic overlap between HJCYS and SFPKS had been noted before by Kaplan et al. (1995) and Ramos et al. (1998), both of whom had suggested that the 2 disorders may be allelic. The mutations identified by Gray et al. (2012) were located in the same gene region as mutations that cause HJCYS, with the same activating effect on protein function. The molecular findings indicated that SFPKS should be considered part of the phenotypic spectrum of HJCYS.
To assess the in vivo role of the Notch2 gene, McCright et al. (2001) constructed a targeted mutation, Notch2(del1). They found that alternative splicing of the Notch2(del1) mutant allele led to the production of 2 different in-frame transcripts that delete either 1 or 2 EGF repeats of the Notch2 protein, suggesting that this allele is a hypomorphic Notch2 mutation. Mice homozygous for the Notch2(del1) mutation died perinatally from defects in glomerular development in the kidney. Notch2(del1)/Notch2(del1) mutant kidneys were hypoplastic and mutant glomeruli lacked a normal capillary tuft. The Notch ligand encoded by the Jag1 gene was expressed in developing glomeruli in cells adjacent to Notch2-expressing cells. McCright et al. (2001) showed that mice heterozygous for both the Notch2(del1) and Jag1(dDSL) mutations exhibited a glomerular defect similar to, but less severe than, that of Notch2(del1)/Notch2(del1) homozygotes. The colocalization and genetic interaction of Jag1 and Notch2 implied that this ligand and receptor physically interact, forming part of the signal transduction pathway required for glomerular differentiation and patterning. Notch2(del1)/Notch2(del1) homozygotes also displayed myocardial hypoplasia, edema, and hyperplasia of cells associated with the hyaloid vasculature of the eye. McCright et al. (2001) concluded that their data identified novel developmental roles for Notch2 in kidney, heart, and eye development.
Krebs et al. (2003) showed that mouse embryos mutant for the Notch ligand Dll1 (606582) or doubly mutant for Notch1 and Notch2 exhibited multiple defects in left-right asymmetry. Dll1 -/- embryos did not express Nodal (601265) in the region around the node. Analysis of the enhancer regulating node-specific Nodal expression revealed binding sites for Rbpj (RBPSUH; 147183). Mutation of these sites destroyed the ability of the enhancer to direct node-specific gene expression in transgenic mice. Krebs et al. (2003) concluded that Dll1-mediated Notch signaling is essential for generation of left-right asymmetry, and that perinodal expression of Nodal is an essential component of left-right asymmetry determination in mice.
McDaniell et al. (2006) described a mother and son with Alagille syndrome (610205), both of whom had a splice acceptor mutation (5930-1G-A) in exon 33 of the NOTCH2 gene. The proband had cholestatic liver disease, cardiac disease characteristic facial features, and severe infantile renal disease. He died of cardiopulmonary arrest at age 2. His mother had valvular and peripheral pulmonic stenosis, characteristic facial features, and dysplastic kidneys and proteinuria that resulted in renal failure and a kidney transplant. The maternal grandparents and 3 of the mother's sibs did not carry the mutation, indicating it was a de novo change in the proband's mother.
In a proband, her mother, and her grandmother with Alagille syndrome (610205), McDaniell et al. (2006) identified a 1331G-A transition in exon 8 of the NOTCH2 gene that resulted in a cys444-to-tyr (C444Y) substitution in the eleventh EGF-like repeat of the protein.
In 3 affected members of a family with autosomal dominant Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, also known as acroosteolysis with osteoporosis and changes in the skull and mandible (102500), Simpson et al. (2011) identified a heterozygous 1-bp deletion (6272delT) in exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene, resulting in a frameshift and premature termination. The mutation occurred in the last exon of the NOTCH2 gene and escaped nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. RT-PCR studies showed that the truncated protein was expressed in patient fibroblasts. The truncated protein was predicted to have a disrupted or absent proteolytic PEST sequence, which would result in persistence of the Notch intracellular signal, consistent with a gain of function.
In 3 affected members of a family with autosomal dominant Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (102500), Simpson et al. (2011) identified a heterozygous 1-bp deletion (6460delT) in exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene, resulting in a frameshift and premature termination. The mutation occurred in the last exon of the NOTCH2 gene and likely escaped nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The truncated protein was predicted to have a disrupted or absent proteolytic PEST sequence, which would result in persistence of the Notch intracellular signal, consistent with a gain of function.
In 3 affected members of a family with autosomal dominant Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (102500), Simpson et al. (2011) identified a heterozygous 6622C-T transition in exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene, resulting in a gln2208-to-ter (Q2208X) substitution. The Q2208X mutation was also found in 2 affected members of a second unrelated family with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. The mutation occurred in the last exon of the NOTCH2 gene and likely escaped nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The truncated protein was predicted to have a disrupted or absent proteolytic PEST sequence, which would result in persistence of the Notch intracellular signal, consistent with a gain of function.
In 4 affected members of a family with autosomal dominant Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (102500), Isidor et al. (2011) identified a heterozygous 7119T-G transversion in exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene, resulting in a tyr2373-to-ter (Y2373X) substitution. The mutation occurred in the last exon of the NOTCH2 gene and was expected to escape nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The truncated protein was predicted to have a disrupted or absent proteolytic PEST sequence, which would result in persistence of the Notch intracellular signal, consistent with a gain of function.
In 2 affected members of a family with autosomal dominant acroosteolysis with osteoporosis and changes in the skull and mandible (102500), Isidor et al. (2011) identified a heterozygous 6949C-T transition in exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene, resulting in a gln2317-to-ter (Q2317X) substitution. The mutation occurred in the last exon of the NOTCH2 gene and was expected to escape nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The truncated protein was predicted to have a disrupted or absent proteolytic PEST sequence, which would result in persistence of the Notch intracellular signal, consistent with a gain of function.
In a girl with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (102500), Gray et al. (2012) identified a heterozygous 6895G-T transversion in exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene, resulting in a glu2299-to-ter (E2299X) substitution. The truncated protein was predicted to lack the PEST domain, leading to an increased level of NOTCH signaling in multiple tissues. The patient had originally been reported by Rosser et al. (1996) as having serpentine fibula-polycystic kidney syndrome. On follow-up by Gray et al. (2012) between ages 8 and 12 years, she showed mild developmental delay and progressive pulmonary disease requiring supplemental oxygen and corticosteroid treatment. Facial dysmorphism included narrow hirsute forehead, low posterior hairline, shallow supraorbital ridges, horizontal palpebral fissures, a convergent squint, a pinched nasal bridge with a wide nose, a small mouth, dental malocclusion, low-set posteriorly rotated ears, and prominent maxillae. She had short stature, acroosteolysis, osteoporosis, and stress fractures of the metatarsals bilaterally.
In a girl with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome (102500), Gray et al. (2012) identified a heterozygous 7165C-T transition in exon 34 of the NOTCH2 gene, resulting in a gln2389-to-ter (Q2389X) substitution. The truncated protein was predicted to lack the PEST domain, leading to an increased level of NOTCH signaling in multiple tissues. The patient was originally reported by Albano et al. (2007) as having serpentine fibula-polycystic kidney syndrome. At age 8 years, she had persistent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, and facial dysmorphism, including a thin upper lip, downturned mouth, wide nasal tip, long and flat philtrum, dysplastic and posteriorly rotated ears, and short neck. She had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Skeletal studies showed wormian bones, vertebral abnormalities, and serpentine fibulae. Ultrasound examination showed polycystic kidneys, but renal function was normal. At age 18 years, she had short stature, hypothyroidism, bathrocephaly, and irregular tooth positioning. There was no significant acroosteolysis of the hands or feet, but she had mild thinning of the distal phalanges. Brain MRI scan showed basilar invagination and abnormal curvature of the cervical spine without cord compression. Intelligence was normal.
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