Alternative titles; symbols
HGNC Approved Gene Symbol: TGM4
Cytogenetic location: 3p21.31 Genomic coordinates (GRCh38): 3:44,874,608-44,914,990 (from NCBI)
Transglutaminases (EC 2.3.2.13), such as TGM4, catalyze the posttranslational modification of proteins by the formation of epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine isopeptide bonds. The transglutaminases (TGMs) described in eukaryotic cells include both intracellular and extracellular forms. The intracellular forms are tissue TGM (TGM2; 190196), keratinocyte TGM (TGM1; 190195), and hair follicle transglutaminase (TGM3; 600238); extracellular TGMs include factor XIIIa (F13A1; 134570) and prostate transglutaminase (TGM4, or TGP) (summary by Gentile et al., 1995).
In rodents, TGP is involved in the formation of copulatory plugs in the female genital tract after coitus, and may play a role in masking the antigenicity of the male gamete, thereby suppressing an immune response in the female genital tract against the sperm cells. By screening a human prostate library with a cDNA segment corresponding to the active-site region of TGC (TGM2), Dubbink et al. (1996) isolated a cDNA encoding human TGP. The predicted 684-amino acid protein is 53% identical to rat TGP. In vitro translated human TGP has a molecular mass of approximately 77 kD. Northern blot analysis revealed that TGP is expressed as a 3.5-kb mRNA exclusively in prostate. Androgen induced TGP expression approximately 3-fold in a human prostate cancer cell line. Independently, Grant et al. (1994) cloned TGM4 cDNAs. They reported that the predicted protein contains 679 amino acids.
By fluorescence in situ hybridization, Gentile et al. (1995) mapped the TGM4 gene to chromosome 3p22-p21.33. By analysis of somatic cell hybrids, Dubbink et al. (1996) mapped the TGP gene to chromosome 3.
Dubbink, H. J., Verkaik, N. S., Faber, P. W., Trapman, J., Schroder, F. H., Romijn, J. C. Tissue-specific and androgen-regulated expression of human prostate-specific transglutaminase. Biochem. J. 315: 901-908, 1996. [PubMed: 8645175] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3150901]
Gentile, V., Grant, F. J., Porta, R., Baldini, A. Localization of the human prostate transglutaminase (type IV) gene (TGM4) to chromosome 3p21.33-p22 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics 27: 219-220, 1995. [PubMed: 7665178] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1995.1032]
Grant, F. J., Taylor, D. A., Sheppard, P. O., Mathewes, S. L., Lint, W., Vanaja, E., Bishop, P. D., O'Hara, P. J. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel transglutaminase cDNA from a human prostate cDNA library. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 203: 1117-1123, 1994. [PubMed: 7916568] [Full Text: https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.2298]